Testex

Alaric Vaughn — Fri, 22 Mar 2024 08:38:07 +0000

Ever wondered why some clothes feel cozier against your skin? It’s all about moisture management. Explore the science behind moisture-wicking fabrics and key factors in choosing the perfect tester. Let’s uncover the secrets of ultimate comfort together!

What affects the comfort of the clothes people wear against their skin? It is affected by three main factors: heat and moisture comfort, hand comfort and pressure comfort. Wicking testing and moisture testing is very important in textile industry. Thermal and humidity comfort accounts for 50% of the overall sensation. Thermal and humidity comfort is one of the most important factors in the body’s subjective judgement of clothing comfort.

Moisture wicking meaning in fabrics is that the ability to pull sweat away from the skin to the surface for quick evaporation, keeping the wearer dry and comfortable. An important part of the body’s heat dissipation is through the secretion of sweat and its evaporation, where water vapour carries away heat from the body or the surface of the fabric through evaporation. It has been found that in the microclimate of a garment, the sweat absorption of the garment, the transmission of sweat by the fabric, and the location of evaporation on the fabric are all related to wearing comfort. So the perception of clothing comfort can be significantly improved by managing the liquid moisture content of the clothing.

Introduction

Understanding the Importance of Moisture Management Testing in Various Industries

Moisture management testing plays a critical role across a variety of industries, ensuring the quality, safety, and durability of products, and it is often a crucial factor in product development and quality assurance. Here’s a comprehensive breakdown of its importance in several sectors:

Textile Industry: In the textile industry, moisture management is vital to determine the comfort level of fabrics. Different textiles absorb, disperse, and dry moisture at various rates. Those with superior moisture management properties are preferred for athletic wear, while those with lower moisture absorbency might be better suited for outer layers in rainy climates. As we can see moisture absorbency test in textiles is of great important. Testing these factors ensures that clothing can perform well under various climate conditions and physical activities, helping companies develop and sell products fit for specific consumer needs.

Construction Industry: Proper moisture management testing is essential during the construction of buildings. Materials like wood, concrete, and drywall, can all be compromised if moisture levels aren’t properly controlled, causing structural instability or fostering environments for mold growth that can impact indoor air quality. In this respect, moisture management testing is a critical part of ensuring safe, durable, and long-lasting structures.

Food Industry: In the food industry, moisture content impacts product quality, taste, texture, and shelf life. Proper moisture management can prevent spoilage and extend shelf life, making it a critical aspect of food safety and cost management.

Packaging Industry: In the packaging industry, the moisture content of packaging materials can affect the quality of the product inside, especially for food, electronics, and certain types of machinery. Moisture management testing helps in developing packaging that can protect the products within.

Overall, the importance of moisture management testing lies in its safeguarding of product quality and user safety across industries. It contributes to the integrity, durability, and longevity of products while playing an essential role in ensuring user comfort and product functionality.

An in-depth analysis of the application of moisture management testers in the textile industry

At present, functional fabrics with good liquid moisture management capability are widely used in sports and outdoor clothing, high-level casual wear, and uniforms. These fabrics are characterized by properties such as quick drying, excellent moisture permeability and wicking (the ability to quickly remove perspiration from the skin to keep it dry). A number of traditional standards and test methods can be applied to the testing of these functional fabrics, such as water absorption and diffusion. such as water absorption diffusivity, core absorption height, drip penetration time, moisture permeability and drying rate. The MMT Liquid Moisture Management Tester is a new test method and instrument for testing the moisture management capabilities of textiles. With this new instrument, we can quickly measure the dynamic water transfer properties of liquid water in three directions within a textile. Laboratory tests on different fabrics have shown that there are significant differences in the measurement data between fabrics. Currently, some fabrics have good quick drying and water absorbency, but not good wicking properties, while others have wicking properties, where sweat is quickly transferred from the fitted layer to the outer layer, and the results show good overall moisture management and unidirectional water transfer properties. The liquid moisture management tester can also be widely used in the research and development of new fabrics and garments, classification and rating of fabrics, quality control of fabrics and garment manufacturing. It is an important and indispensable instrument for product development, quality control and marketing in the textile and garment industry.

Key Considerations in Choosing a Moisture Management Tester

Choosing the right moisture management tester for textile testing involves careful consideration of several factors. Here are key aspects to keep in mind:

Accuracy and Precision

The foremost consideration is the machine’s ability to deliver accurate and precise measurements. It should be reliable enough to detect even the smallest change in moisture content.

Conformance to Standards

Ensure the tester adheres to established industry standards such as ASTM, DIN, ISO, or specific regional standards. Compliance with standards ensures that your testing methods and results will be acceptable globally and meet quality expectations.

Range of Testing

Check if the tester can handle the full range of textile materials you are working with. Some machines may be more suitable for particular types of fibers or fabrics than others.

User-Friendliness

The instrument should be easy to operate, with clear instructions and possibly a user-friendly interface. This not only accelerates the training process but also minimizes the likelihood of user errors.

Size and Portability

Depending on your lab space and whether you need to move the tester around, the size and portability of the machine could be a significant factor.

Durability and Maintenance

The machine should be robust and long-lasting. Additionally, consider the type and frequency of maintenance needed to keep it running efficiently and the availability of spare parts.

Post-Sale Services

Check the manufacturer’s reputation for post-sale customer service and technical support. Good service can save you time and hassle, especially when you face technical issues or require parts replacement.

Price and Warranty

Cost is a crucial aspect, but it should not compromise quality. Look for a tester that provides value for money and comes with a decent warranty period.

Test Speed

The speed at which the machine can perform the tests is also important, particularly in industrial settings where large volumes of fabric need to be tested.

Reporting and Data Output

Finally, examine how tester delivers results. Does it offer easy-to-understand reports? Can it be connected to a computer for data analysis?

How to test Fabric’s Property of Moisture Management?

Testing Principle

The fabric specimen is placed horizontally. Liquid water in contact with its immersion surface (usually the layer in contact with the skin) undergoes diffusion along the fabric’s immersion surface, passing from the fabric’s immersion surface to the penetration surface (usually the outer layer of the garment), and diffusing at the same time across the fabric’s penetration surface. This process of water content change is a function of time. When the immersion surface of the specimen is injected with the test solution. The dynamic transfer of the test solution through the fabric is determined using upper and lower sensors in close contact with the specimen. A series of indicators such as wetting time, absorption rate, maximum wetting radius, spreading speed, accumulative one-way transport capacity (R), and overall moisture managementcapability(OMMC) are used to comprehensively assess the performance of textiles in terms of moisture absorption, quick drying, and perspiration.

Testing Standards

China’s test standards for moisture-absorbent and quick-drying garments include GB/T 21655.1-2008 “Evaluation of moisture-absorbent and quick-drying properties of textiles Part 1: Single combination test method” and GB/T 21655.2-2009 “Evaluation of moisture-absorbent and quick-drying properties of textiles Part 2: Dynamic moisture transfer method”.

Overseas standards include ISO 11092, JIS L1096 and JISL1907, BS 4554 and AATCC 79, FTTS-FA-004 “Verification of Moisture Transferring and Sweating Textiles” and TTF 007 “Moisture Transferring and Quick Drying Textile and Clothing Products”. The scope of application and test items and methods of these standards are different.

Test Equipment

Moisture Management Tester TF128, MMT, or MMT Machine, to measure the dynamic liquid transport properties of textiles such as knitted, woven fabrics, and nonwoven textile fabric. Moisture Management Tester mainly tests the absorption and diffusion performance of fabric to sweat. It is used to conduct testing of moisture management in textile. The absorption and diffusion of work by fabric directly affect the comfortable performance of wearing clothes. This machine meets a wide range of international standards, such as AATCC 195, and GB/T 21655.2.

Moisture Management Tester TF128

Testing process

Put the specimen into the instrument with the side touching the skin upwards. A certain amount of saline is poured in the centre of the skin-contacting side of the fabric to simulate the process of human perspiration. The sensors on both sides of the specimen measure their water conductivity in each loop (diameter 5mm, 10mm, 15mm, 20mm, 25mm and 30mm respectively). After the test has been carried out for 2 minutes of loops, the wetness and water conductivity of the fabric increases. Through a series of calculations, the tester can obtain accurate readings of the wetting time, water absorption rate, soaking radius and diffusion rate of the fabric on the skin contact side, as well as the cumulative unidirectional transfer capacity and the fabric’s Overall Managing Capacity for Liquid Moisture (OMMC). Test results must be judged by reference to measurements in mmt units.

Terms and definitions

Wetting time

The time required from the time the liquid comes into contact with the surface of the fabric until the fabric begins to absorb water. The time required for the fabric to begin absorbing water is defined as the first value of time at which a slope greater than or equal to tan15° occurs on the curve of water content versus time at the surface of the fabric. It includes a soaking surface wetting time WTr and a penetration surface wetting time WTB.

Absorption rate

In the time of water injection, the average value of the slope change of the water content change curve on the surface of the fabric. It indicates the rate of change of water content per unit time of fabric. Including the average water absorption rate of immersion surface ARr and the average water absorption rate of penetration surface ARB.

Maximum wetting radius

The maximum radius of the wetting area when the fabric starts to wet to the end of the specified time. The maximum radius of the wetted area from the first occurrence of a slope greater than or equal to tan15° in the moisture content curve to the end of the test time. Includes the maximum wetting radius of the immersion surface MWR and the maximum wetting radius of the penetration surface MWRB.

Spreading speed

After the fabric surface wetting spread to the maximum wetting radius along the radius direction of the cumulative transfer speed of liquid water. Including immersion surface liquid water diffusion speed ST and penetration surface liquid water diffusion speed SB.

Accumulative one-way transport capacity (R)

Liquid water transfer capacity from the soaking surface to the penetrating surface of the fabric. It is expressed as the ratio of the difference between the amount of water absorbed on both sides of the fabric and the test time.

Overall moisture managementcapability (OMMC)

It is the characterisation of the dynamic transfer of liquid water in the fabric. It is expressed as the weighted value of the water absorption rate ARB on the permeable side of the fabric, the unidirectional transfer index R of the fabric and the liquid water diffusion speed SSB on the permeable side.

Maintenance and Calibration of Moisture Management Testers

Long time no use, please put the infusion jar of liquid drop, and add distilled water, holding the water pump button, the infusion pipe is clean, the best liquid emptying.

A day after the test, hold down the up button, press the PUMP button at the same time, read the iv liquid withdraw liquid storage tank.

Test after 10 times, clean the test head up and down, and don’t let the salt accumulate on the test pin. You can use pure water or alcohol cleaning.

After a long time of use, the lower test head is easily by salt corrosion and getting dirty, according to the corrosion situation of the test head, please replace the new test head, please contact the local dealers to buy.

The surface of the machine should be tested before and after cleaning a day, keep it clean.

FAQs on Moisture Management Testing

What are the key benefits of using a moisture management tester?

MMT testing can not only help us to control the quality of fabrics in terms of liquid moisture management in the production and trading process. It can also help us to select the right fiber, design a reasonable fabric structure and carry out the appropriate chemical finishing process in product development, so as to achieve the ideal product performance.

Are there any regulatory standards to consider when conducting moisture management testing?

Yes, you can check here for international standards that conform to the moisture management tester. If you are not sure whether your product is suitable for this instrument or which testing standard should be implemented, please contact us!

How does moisture management affect the end user?

Moisture management plays a significant role in user comfort. A garment’s moisture management capabilities directly impact customer satisfaction, as it determines how well the fabric can handle activities, weather conditions, and body heat.

What equipment is used in moisture management testing?
The Moisture Management Tester (MMT) is commonly used in moisture management testing. This equipment measures the dynamic liquid transport properties of textiles such as fabrics.

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The post The Ultimate Guide to Choosing the Right Moisture Management Tester first appeared on Testex.

The post The Ultimate Guide to Choosing the Right Moisture Management Tester appeared first on Testex.

Testex

Alaric Vaughn — Fri, 15 Mar 2024 08:33:06 +0000

Color fastness testing generally includes light fastness, weather fastness, wash fastness, rub fastness, perspiration fastness, etc. Sometimes, there are special color fastness requirements for different textiles or usage environments. Typically, in color fastness tests, the degree of color change of the dyed material and the degree of color transfer to the lining material are evaluated. Except for light fastness, which is graded on an eight-level scale, the rest are usually graded on a five-level scale. A higher level indicates better color fastness.

This article mainly focuses on wash fastness testing. Wash fastness, also known as detergent fastness or soap fastness, refers to the ability of textiles to maintain their original color under washing conditions, that is, their ability not to fade or change color. Washing is one of the most common methods of garment care, and wash fastness simulates the degree of color fastness of textiles in different detergent and washing environments. There are various methods for wash fastness testing. The basic principle is to simulate domestic or commercial washing conditions, where the test samples undergo agitation, rinsing, and drying under a specified time and temperature conditions, and then the color change of the samples and the color transfer to the lining fabric are evaluated against a grayscale card or instrument. There may be some differences among various methods regarding temperature, test solution, washing procedure, addition of steel balls, and drying procedure.

Testing Principle

The wash fastness test involves affixing textile samples to one or two specified lining fabrics, immersing them in a soapy solution, subjecting them to mechanical agitation, followed by rinsing and drying under specified time and temperature conditions. The degree of color change of the samples and the color transfer to the lining fabric is evaluated against a grayscale card. There are five test methods for wash fastness, primarily differing in test temperature and time, with other aspects being largely similar.

Testing Standards

ISO 105-C01-C05-1989 “Textiles – Tests for Colour Fastness – Part C: Colour Fastness to Washing: Tests 1 to 5” EN 20105C01-C05-1992 “Textiles – Tests for Colour Fastness – Part C: Colour Fastness to Washing: Tests 1 to 5” DINEN 20105C01-C05-1993 “Textiles – Tests for Colour Fastness – Part C: Colour Fastness to Washing: Tests 1 to 5” AATCC 172-2002 “Test Method for Colorfastness of Fabrics to Household Laundering Using Oxygen Bleach” GB/T 3921.1-5-1997 “Textiles – Tests for Colour Fastness – Part C: Colour Fastness to Washing: Tests 1 to 5” ISO 105-C01-C05 specifies several test methods for wash fastness, covering a range from mild to severe washing operations. It remains widely used as a classic color fastness test method. Among them, the ISO 105-C03 method is used for testing the wash fastness of all-cotton fabrics, and the Chinese standard GB/T3921.3-1997 is based on this method with no technical differences from the international standard, applicable to any form of textiles. In addition to these standards, there are many other international standards for testing the wash fastness of textiles, such as the British BS 1006-C01 and the Japanese JISL 0844.

Testing Methods

(1) Chinese Standard (GB/T 3921.3-1997) A 4cm × 10cm sample is taken, with its front side in contact with a 4cm × 10cm multicomponent lining fabric, sewn along one short edge to form a composite sample, which is then placed in a stainless steel container with a capacity of (550±50)mL [(diameter (75±5)mL, height (125±10)mL)], and filled with soapy solution preheated to (60±2)°C to achieve a bath ratio of 50:1. The composite sample is treated at (60±2)°C for 30 minutes, then removed, rinsed twice with cold distilled water, and rinsed for 10 minutes in flowing cold water. After removing excess water, the composite sample is unfolded to hang dry in air not exceeding 60°C. Once dry, the composite sample is evaluated against a gray scale card for color change and staining of the lining fabric. (2) American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists Standard (AATCC 61A-2003) A 50mm × 100mm sample is taken, with its front side in contact with a 5mm × 100mm multicomponent lining fabric, sewn along one short edge to form a composite sample, which is then placed in a stainless steel container with a capacity of (550±50)mL [(diameter (75±5)mL, height (125±10)mL)], and filled with soapy solution preheated to (40±2)°C to achieve a bath ratio of 200mL. The composite sample is treated at (40±2)°C for 45 minutes, then removed, rinsed three times with distilled water at (40±3)°C for 1 minute each, and excess water is removed. The composite sample is unfolded to hang dry in air not exceeding 71°C. Once dry, the composite sample is evaluated against a gray scale card for color change and staining of the lining fabric. (3) Japanese Industrial Standard (JISL 0844-2005) A 4cm × 10cm sample is taken, with its front side in contact with a 4cm × 5cm cotton lining fabric and a 4cm × 5cm nylon lining fabric respectively, sewn along one short edge to form a composite sample, which is then placed in a stainless steel container with a capacity of (550±50)mL [(diameter (75±5)mL, height (125±10)mL)], and filled with soapy solution preheated to (50±2)°C to achieve a bath ratio of 50:1. The composite sample is treated at (50±2)°C for 30 minutes, then removed, rinsed twice with cold distilled water, rinsed for 10 minutes in flowing cold water, and excess water is removed. The composite sample is unfolded to hang dry in air not exceeding 60°C. Once dry, the composite sample is evaluated against a gray scale card for color change and staining of the lining fabric.

Testing Procedure

Here, we will introduce the testing process using GB/T 3921-2008 “Textiles – Tests for Colour Fastness – Colour Fastness to Soaping” as an example:

Sample Preparation:

A sample of 100mm x 40mm is taken, with the face in contact with a 100mm x 40mm multi-fiber lining fabric, sewn along one short edge to form a composite sample.

Alternatively, a sample of 100mm x 40mm is taken, sandwiched between two 100mm x 40mm single-fiber lining fabrics, sewn along one short edge to form a composite sample. If the sample is a blend or interwoven fabric, one piece is made of the fiber with the highest content, and the second piece is made of the fiber with the lower content.

Preparation of Test Solution

For tests A and B, prepare a solution with 5 grams of standard soap per liter of distilled water. For tests C, D, and E, prepare a solution with 5 grams of standard soap and 2 grams of anhydrous sodium carbonate per liter of distilled water.

SmartFill Liquid Filling Machine

Testing

Place the composite sample and the specified number of steel balls in a container, pour in the preheated test solution to the required volume at the test temperature ±2°C, achieving a bath ratio of 50:1. Close the container, adjust the temperature and time according to the standard, and start the machine. Timing starts from when the container is closed. The WashTrue washing fastness tester, equipped with SmartFill intelligent liquid filling technology, ensures precise and efficient testing. It features a touch screen interface for easy operation, intelligent temperature control algorithms for reliable results, and multiple safety designs for long-term, low-noise operation.

WashTrue Washing Color Fastness Tester

Rinsing and Drying

After washing, remove the composite sample from the container, rinse it twice in distilled water, then rinse with flowing cold water until clean. Squeeze out excess water, unfold the composite sample, leaving only the seam connecting the sample, and place it flat between two unused filter papers to remove excess moisture. Then hang it to dry in air not exceeding 60°C.

Test Results

Each sample is assessed for color change and staining of the lining fabric using either instruments or gray scale cards. The degree of fading or staining should be tested under specified light sources and rated according to a standard gray card, with results graded on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the best and 1 being the worst. Instrument grading involves calibrating against the standard reflectance of a known specification whiteboard, measuring the spectral power distribution of the sample’s reflected light or its own reflectance characteristics, and then calculating the three influencing values, chromaticity coordinates, CIELAB uniform color space, etc., based on the spectral measurement data. These values are then converted into gray card ratings for color change and staining fastness through a series of formulas.

Gray scale card ratings are divided into color change and staining scale cards, each with five levels and nine grades. When rating, the illumination conditions should be sunny daylight (9:00~15:00) or an equivalent light source with an illumination of 6001x or above. The observer’s line of sight and the fabric surface should form an angle of approximately 5 degrees, with the observation direction roughly perpendicular to the fabric surface. Gray scale cards are used to rate color changes and staining levels of the test samples.

Error Analysis in Testing

Differences in multi-fiber lining fabrics can cause testing errors. The same sample and method may yield different results when using different multi-fiber lining fabrics for staining tests. Variations in the fabric structure, composition, yarn count, density, and finishing process of multi-fiber lining fabrics directly impact their staining performance and ultimately influence test results.
Prolonged evaluation of color fastness samples under standard light sources in a lightbox can cause eye fatigue, affecting the accuracy of assessments.

Lightbox

During rating, the angle of illumination from the light source should be 40 degrees to the sample surface, with the observer’s line of sight perpendicular to the sample surface and a distance of 30-40cm for optimal viewing, as deviation may affect assessment results.
The cleanliness of loose fibers attached to the lining fabric’s surface also affects assessment results.

Conclusion

Significant differences exist in the wash fastness values obtained according to different national testing standards. Compared to the standards of the United States and Japan, the testing requirements for wash fastness of textiles under the Chinese standard are stricter. This edition primarily focused on the wash fastness testing of textiles. For more knowledge on color fastness testing, please like and follow us for timely updates. For more textile testing knowledge, instrument knowledge, and textile testing laboratory knowledge, please feel free to contact us:

sales@tes.hk
WhatsApp +86 180 2511 4082

The post Mastering Color Fastness: Testing Standards, Methods, Procedures, and Result Analysis first appeared on Testex.

The post Mastering Color Fastness: Testing Standards, Methods, Procedures, and Result Analysis appeared first on Testex.

Testex

Alaric Vaughn — Fri, 01 Mar 2024 08:04:04 +0000

Introduction

Importance of Tensile Testing Machines in Material Analysis

Tensile testing machines play a vital role in evaluating the strength and durability of materials across industries. Whether it’s determining the tensile strength of metals, plastics, textiles, or other materials, these machines provide essential data for product development and quality control.

Overview of Different Types of Tensile Testing Machines

There are several types of Tensile Testing Machines available, here are some of the most common ones:

Touch Screen Controlled Tensile Tester: These machines come with a touchscreen interface that allows easy setup and operation. They often can conduct a variety of tests like tension, compression, bend, flexure, etc.
Single Column Tensile Tester: Compact and lightweight, they are ideal for low-load testing up to 1KN. They are used for testing small and thin samples like fibers and micro components.
Dual Column Tensile Tester: They have a higher capacity and conduct testing for larger and tougher samples including steel, hard plastic, etc. They support comprehensive mechanical tests in tension and compression mode.
Universal Testing Machines (UTMs): These machines are highly versatile and can conduct tensile, compression, bend, shear, tear, cyclic, and flexure tests. They are designed for both destructive and non-destructive testing.
Servo-Hydraulic Tensile Testing Machine: They are designed for high-stress, high-cycle applications and are suited for operating under harsh conditions and high loads.
Portable Handheld Tensile Testers: These are compact, easy to use, and can be used on-site to do quality control checking and quick inspections in the field.
Automatic Tensile Tester: These machines, with automated control systems, increase test efficiency and repeatability, avoiding potential human error. Remember to choose the appropriate Tensile Testing Machine depending on the nature and strength of the material to be tested, the operating environment, and the specific testing standards you have to comply with.

Understanding Tensile Testing Machines

Universal Mechanical Tester: Features and Advantages

The universal mechanical tester is a versatile machine capable of performing various mechanical tests, including tensile, compression, and flexural tests. Its flexibility and precision make it a valuable tool for comprehensive material testing.

Advantages of ChiuVention�?/b>s tensile tester

Variety of functions
Tensile strength meter has different types, suitable for various industries to test the material, to meet the needs of users. And there are different types of single and double column tensile testing machines, such as electronic, computerised, computerised servo, hydraulic and so on.
Wide range of force values
Depending on the needs of different industries, we can match different force transducers and stroke ranges with different types of tensile testing machines, with force ranges as small as N and as large as KN.
Accurate test precision
Precision issues, including force accuracy, speed accuracy, deformation accuracy, displacement accuracy. These accuracy values can reach ±0.5.
Cost-effective
Ball screw configuration, although the price is usually slightly more expensive, but on its transmission rate, the use of life, accuracy and other characteristics of the overall thinking, cost-effective is very high.
Fabric Tensile Strength Tester: Uses in Textile Industry
Fabric Tensile Strength Tester has a wide range of application prospects in the field of textile quality testing. With the continuous development of textile technology, a variety of new fibres and textiles continue to emerge, such as high-performance fibres, smart textiles and so on. These new textiles are different in material, structure and performance, so it is necessary to use the tester to carry out the corresponding performance evaluation and quality testing. In addition, for textiles that have already been put into use, they also need regular quality testing and maintenance to ensure that they always maintain good performance and safety. Therefore, textile tensile testing machines will play an increasingly important role in the field of textile quality testing.
Choosing the Right Tensile Testing Machine

Factors to Consider When Selecting a Tensile Testing Machine
Selecting a tensile testing machine involves careful evaluation of various factors related to the testing needs, specimen properties, and organizational requirements. Here are some key factors to consider: Type of Material: The type of material you plan to test significantly influences the choice of machine. Different materials like textiles, metals, plastics, rubber, etc., require different levels of force for testing. Testing Standards: Depending on the industry and the region, specific testing standards would be applicable. The tester must meet those stipulated standards. Maximum Force Required: The maximum load or force the samples can withstand is a critical factor in choosing the machine. Depending on this, one may need to opt for a single column (for lower force) or a dual column tester (for higher force). Accuracy: The machine should deliver reliable and accurate results. Look for machines with high-precision measurements and the ability to detect fine changes. Test Speed: This refers to the speed at which the test is performed. Different materials respond differently to speed, and the correct rate of testing can affect the material properties. Environment: Consider the environment in which the tester will be used. Some testing may require controlled temperature or humidity conditions. Ease of Use: The interface of the tester should be user-friendly. Automated software with pre-built test methods can make it easier to train new operators. Service and Support: After-sales support, including technical support, servicing, calibration, and potential upgrades, is an important factor in selecting a manufacturer. Price and Budget: While quality should never be compromised, it’s equally crucial to consider the overall costs including the machine, accessories, installation, support, maintenance and any potential future upgrades. Safety Features: The machine should have safety features like emergency stop buttons, overload protection, etc.
Comparing UTM Testing Machine Prices for Budget-Friendly Options
The price of universal mechanical tester varies according to brand, model, configuration and other factors. Generally speaking, the first level of universal mechanical tester price is higher, the second and third level price is relatively low. The price of single arm and double arm is even different.
Step-by-Step Guide to Conducting Tensile Tests

Sample Preparation: According to the standard used, select the appropriate leather samples and prepare the samples according to the required size.

Fixture Setting: Install the pneumatic fixture on the universal material tension machine, and make sure the distance between the fixtures is suitable for the size of the selected sample. Ensure that the fixtures are parallel and that the long axis of the fixture holding the sample is parallel to the direction of tension.

Sample clamping: Place the prepared leather samples between the pneumatic clamps, make sure the samples are flat and without wrinkles so that their long axis is parallel to the tension direction.

Start the test: Start the tensile machine and begin to separate the clamping points at the rate specified in the standard, which will apply the tensile force to the sample.

Monitoring the test: During the test, the change in load value is continuously monitored. When the sample reaches the rupture point and breakage occurs, the tensioner will record and display the corresponding load value.

Stop the test: once the sample ruptures, immediately stop the test. At this point, record the load required to make the sample rupture as the breaking strength.

Calculate the breaking strength: The breaking strength is usually expressed in standardized units (e.g. Newtons/mm or lbf/in), and the breaking strength is calculated based on the recorded load value and the dimensions of the sample.

Maintenance and Calibration of Tensile Testing Machines

Importance of Regular Calibration for Reliable Results
When you purchase an electronic tensile testing machine, it is usually calibrated by the manufacturer’s certified service technician as part of the installation procedure. After completing this initial calibration, you can be confident that you can use the material testing machine immediately. It is operating at its optimum and giving you accurate material testing results for your products. However, over time the electronic universal tester may become less accurate due to external influences. Perhaps you suddenly realize that you are not getting the test results you expected, or maybe you never noticed the small errors in the measurement. However, the measurement has an impact on the quality of your product, and eventually, your customers may notice the difference in product quality before you realize the error. When this happens your company will suffer a loss in terms of property and reputation.
Tips for Proper Maintenance to Ensure Longevity and Efficiency

Daily Maintenance
The power-on sequence of the host and computer of the universal tensile strength machine will affect the initial setting of the computer’s communication, so please follow the above power-on sequence strictly. Warm up the machine for 5 minutes after each start-up, and wait for the system to stabilize before carrying out the test work. If the machine has just been switched on and needs to be switched on again, ensure at least 1 minute interval. Use and Maintenance of Tensile Testing Machine Fixture and Transducer. After replacing the fixture, first of all, pay attention to adjusting the adjustable stop ring. When doing the test with a small force transducer, be sure to adjust the position of the adjustable retaining ring so as not to damage the small force transducer by operating error. When changing the small force transducer, must remember to change the test software, otherwise it is easy to overload and damage the small force transducer with large deformation when not in use, please put the two collets into the protective device, or rotate it open, so as not to move the beam in the process of moving the collets hit.
Maintenance during use
During the test, do not move away from the testing machine. During the test, don’t press other buttons on the control box except the stop button and the emergency stop switch, otherwise, the test will be affected. After the test, be sure to turn off all power supplies. Remember that the power cord should not be plugged or unplugged with electricity at any time, otherwise the electrical control part will be easily damaged.
Common Questions About Tensile Testing Machines

What Is the Cost of Tensile Testing Machines?
The price of Universal Tensile Testing Machines varies depending on the brand, model, configuration, and performance.
Generally speaking, the price of domestically produced universal tensile testing machines is between 50,000-200,000 RMB, while the price of imported brands is between 20-2 million RMB. These prices are also only a reference, with market fluctuations, the specific price should consult the equipment supplier. Of course, the price is not the only measure, users should choose the product that meets their needs and budget.

How to Choose Between Single Head and Dual Column Tensile Testers?
There are many aspects between Single Head and Dual Column Tensile Testers, in the case that the force value of the test is not very large, customers will still choose the economical Single Head Tensile Testers. If the test accuracy, test speed, test material requirements of customers choose double-column tension machine. In short, regardless of the choice of single-column tensile strength machine or double-column tensile strength machine, are based on their own needs, to consider its practicality.
What are the Differences Between Single Head and Dual Column Tensile Testers?

Similarity

Power System
Tensile Strength Testers are powered by Servo Motors and Servo Drives as well as Worm Gear and Rod Reducers and Ball Screws.
Control System
Pulse command control for greater accuracy and ease of control.
Data processing
Curve graphic processing can be carried out, support for multi-sensor, video and image interface, flexible data processing.
Control method
All are computer software controls, belonging to the same set of software.
Difference

Differences in the number of load-bearing columns
Single-column tensile testing machine has a column, and a double-column tensile testing machine has two columns.
Difference in bearing tension
Double-column tensile testing machines can carry more tension, in general, most of the products below 5KN use single-column, and for more than 5KN most of the products use double-column tensile testing machines. Therefore, the double-column type can be applied to a wider range of material testing.
Volume difference
Because the double-column tester is large and occupies a relatively large space. Single-column tester is small, easy to move, and can be placed on the desktop. Single-column tensile testing machine stroke will not be too long, but the double-column tensile testing machine is a double screw, you can make the stroke higher, and the motor power requirements are also higher.

What Are the Key Features to Look for in Tensile Testing Machines?
When searching for a tensile testing machine, there are some key features that you need to consider to ensure that it can perform the necessary tests accurately, consistently, and efficiently. Here are some of them:

Determine what tests need to be done.

Determine the maximum test force of the material.

Determine whether the function meets the requirements.

Determine whether the test stroke and test speed are consistent.

Determine the brand of the core spare parts of the machine.

Determine whether the accuracy of the machine meets the requirements.

Determine whether the brand is directly sold by the manufacturer and whether the after-sales service is guaranteed.

Compare prices and choose a brand with a good reputation.

Detailed explanation can be checked in this article.

How to Interpret Tensile Test Results Accurately?
Tensile tests yield a lot of data, and analyzing this data can help us understand the properties of the material being tested. Several factors should be kept in mind when evaluating test results: Evaluation of material properties and residual strain. Whether each piece of data is consistent with the expected results. Whether there are data anomalies or points of inconsistency that can be explained Whether a complete and accurate result has been produced.
Conclusion
In the fast-paced world of industrial production, ensuring the strength and durability of materials is imperative. Tensile Testing Machines serve as invaluable tools in this process, offering insights that inform the development and quality control of various materials. Understanding the nuances of these machines, including their features, pricing, maintenance, and calibration requirements, can help professionals make an informed choice. Additionally, knowing how to accurately interpret tensile test results can significantly contribute to product development, ultimately leading to the creation of high-quality, long-lasting products. This knowledge not only boosts efficiency and productivity but also fosters innovation, a critical attribute in the constantly evolving field of materials science.
The post The Ultimate Handbook for Tensile Testing Machines: Making the Right Choice and Utilization first appeared on Testex.
The post The Ultimate Handbook for Tensile Testing Machines: Making the Right Choice and Utilization appeared first on Testex.

Testex

Alaric Vaughn — Fri, 23 Feb 2024 07:33:08 +0000
Functional textiles make people’s lives more comfortable, convenient, and safe. People’s demands for textiles are not only about fashion but also require higher functionality, extending beyond clothing to a wider range of applications. China is a major consumer of textile fabrics, and with the comprehensive improvement of residents’ incomes, there is a growing demand for high-end, quality branded fashion with enhanced functionality. The finishing technology of functional fabrics needs further development to drive new developments in China’s textile and apparel industry. The variety of amazing functional textiles is extensive. Below, let’s explore textiles closely related to a healthy lifestyle: anti-mite, antibacterial, antifungal, flame-retardant, stain-resistant, aromatic, skincare, UV-resistant, and smart color-changing textiles.
Antibacterial and odor-resistant fabrics
Humans are closely related to microorganisms. Microorganisms provide us with many benefits, but harmful ones can also infiltrate the body, posing serious health risks. Antibacterial and hygiene-treated fabrics can be widely used in underwear, socks, sportswear, shoe fabrics, diapers, hospitals, hotels, household bedding, blankets, towels, bath towels, decorative fabrics, carpets, work uniforms in the medical and food service industries, as well as military uniforms, providing significant social benefits. To date, antibacterial finishing agents can be classified into two major categories: leaching and non-leaching. Leaching antibacterial agents do not chemically bind to the fabric but are washed away upon contact with water. These agents are mainly used in disposable textiles. Non-leaching agents, on the other hand, chemically bond to the fabric through chemical bonds, providing durable finishing. Their functionality is not affected by the number of washes, making them widely applicable. Antibacterial effectiveness is evaluated according to the national standard GB/T 20944-2007 “Textiles – Evaluation of antibacterial properties”, by testing the inhibition rate of antibacterial fabrics. The efficacy of antibacterial fabrics is judged based on the tested inhibition rate. This testing must be conducted by microbiological testing institutions.
Anti-mite finishing fabrics
In today’s rapidly evolving technological landscape, consumers’ perceptions when purchasing textiles have dramatically shifted towards prioritizing health, environmental friendliness, and safety. Green and healthy clothing and bedding have become the new favorites in the market, serving as people’s preferred choices for home consumption. In recent years, diseases caused by mites have been extensively discussed across various media platforms, making mite infestation an increasingly concerning issue. Mites are commonly found in nature, with their presence in the air and dust, along with their secretions, capable of causing allergic diseases. Dust mites in living spaces can lead to conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, nephritis, allergic rhinitis, and allergic dermatitis. Anti-mite-treated fabrics are a novel type of fabric with functional finishing that effectively controls the harm caused by mites and bacteria to humans, ensuring clean living environments and safeguarding human health. Therefore, the development and application of anti-mite and antibacterial finishing technologies for fabrics hold vast prospects. Anti-mite treated fabrics involve applying anti-mite agents to fabrics post-production to achieve mite-repelling effects. This is a commonly adopted technique, with implementation methods including spraying, immersion, and coating. The key to this technology lies in the selection and formulation of anti-mite agents. The most effective approach involves encapsulating anti-mite agents into nano-microcapsules, which can bind with fabrics through resin and other film-forming materials, or incorporating anti-mite agents into coating paste for fabric coating. The anti-mite effectiveness is evaluated according to the national standard GB/T 24253�?009 “Textiles – Evaluation of anti-mite performance”, by testing the mite repellency of anti-mite fabrics. This testing must be conducted by microbiological testing institutions.
Negative ion far-infrared health fabrics
Negative ion far-infrared health fabric is a newly emerging functional textile in recent years, possessing functions such as warmth retention and healthcare. There are two main types of processing for far-infrared fabrics: one is made from far-infrared fibers, and the other is processed through post-finishing. These fabrics exhibit good warmth retention, health benefits, as well as excellent hand feel and durability, making them suitable for the development of various medical and healthcare textile products, which have gained favor in the market. The functionality of negative ion far-infrared health fabrics is primarily determined through testing two indicators: negative ion concentration (per square centimeter) and far-infrared emissivity (%). This testing must be conducted by professional testing institutions.
Fragrance-treated fabrics
In China, fragrance treatment technology is continuously advancing. SCM, developed by Beijing Jie’er Shuang Company, is an outstanding example, characterized as a fully encapsulated microcapsule fragrance. It releases fragrance through friction and other means, suitable for fragrance treatment of cotton, wool, silk, linen, and synthetic fabrics. The fragrance is pure, pleasant, long-lasting, non-toxic to the human body, non-irritating to the skin, without allergic reactions, convenient to use, and the process is simple and feasible. Main fragrance types include forest, floral, jasmine, rose, green apple, lemon, etc. Since the fragrance is encapsulated in microcapsules, it can maintain a long-lasting release period. Additionally, the microcapsules can achieve a good bond with the fibers through adhesives, ensuring a lasting fragrance release effect.
Mosquito-repellent fabrics
Harmful insects pose significant risks to human health. Eradicating them is an important component of disease prevention and improving human health. Mosquito-repellent fabrics serve this purpose. Nano mosquito-repellent microcapsules are adhered to the surface of the fabric, forming a mosquito-repellent film. This fabric exhibits highly efficient and rapid killing effects on mosquitoes and provides excellent repellent properties. Mosquito-repellent treated fabrics can be widely used in bedding textiles, carpets, mosquito nets, curtains, decorative fabrics, socks, summer clothing, and military textiles. The efficacy of mosquito and moth-proof treated fabrics is tested according to the national standard GB/T 30126�?013 “Textiles – Testing and evaluation of mosquito-repellent performance”, by evaluating the repellency rate of the fabric against mosquitoes.
Anti-static and electromagnetic radiation protection fabrics
The occurrence of static electricity in textiles is primarily due to friction. Frictional electrification is essentially caused by the contact between two objects. When two objects come into contact and undergo friction, and then separate, the excitatory energy between their surfaces causes electron transfer, resulting in static electricity. Anti-static treatment essentially accelerates the dissipation of static electricity and reduces the accumulation of charges. Furthermore, with the widespread use of high-tech electronic products in people’s work and daily lives, the harmful effects of electromagnetic radiation on human health have become well-established. Electromagnetic wave radiation has become the world’s fourth-largest pollution after water, air, and noise pollution, often referred to as the “invisible killer.” Fabrics for anti-electromagnetic radiation fabric can utilize silver fiber produced by Beijing Jie’er Shuang High-Tech Co., Ltd., which has highly effective anti-static and electromagnetic radiation protection properties. Additionally, washing it 200 times has no impact on its functionality. This radiation protection clothing series has passed the quality standard tests conducted by the Beijing Institute of Labor Protection, capable of shielding 99.99% of electromagnetic radiation. Anti-static and electromagnetic radiation protection fabrics need to be tested for attenuation values within the 1000-4000MHz microwave frequency range, typically exceeding 20Db.
Moisture-wicking and sweat-absorbing finished fabrics
The comfort of fabric wear refers to the characteristics of the fabric satisfying people’s physiological and psychological needs and generating a sense of comfort when it comes into contact with the body during wear. Besides the basic characteristics of the fabric, the wearer’s psychological condition also influences the wearing comfort. The key indicators for evaluating the comfort of fabric wear include three basic factors: the fabric’s heat transfer performance, moisture transfer performance, and air permeability. Fabrics finished with moisture-wicking and breathable agents exhibit the following properties:

Moisture-wicking and breathability: Treated fabrics have excellent moisture absorption, good breathability, and superior wearability, eliminating the drawbacks of synthetic fabrics such as dryness, poor breathability, and lack of moisture absorption.

Hydrophilic and anti-static properties: Treated fabrics demonstrate outstanding hydrophilicity, good anti-static performance, minimal static effects, low dust absorption, some degree of stain resistance, and ease of washing.

Softness: Treated fabrics are soft, smooth, comfortable to the touch, and elegant in style.

The performance and testing methods of moisture-wicking and sweat-absorbing fabrics are mainly evaluated through tests for water absorption, moisture permeability, and quick-drying properties.

How can Moisture-wicking and Sweat-absorbing Fabrics be tested in Labs?
There are different methods to test the moisture-wicking and sweat-absorbing properties of fabrics in a lab, here are some examples:

Vertical Wicking Test: In this method, samples of the fabric are placed vertically in a solution (usually distilled water). The time it takes for the fluid to move up the fabric under capillary action is then recorded.

Horizontal Wicking Test: Similar to the vertical wicking test, this test is performed horizontally. The speed at which the liquid spreads out across the fabric is measured to determine the wicking capacity of the fabric.

Absorbency Test: This test checks the absorption capacity of a fabric. A weighed dry specimen of the fabric is submerged in water for a defined period. It is then removed and reweighed after blotting out the excess water. The difference in the two weights will give the weight of the water absorbed.

Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate (MVTR) Test: This test measures the rate at which moisture passes through a fabric, regardless of the mechanism (evaporation, wicking, etc.). It helps in determining how well a fabric can breathe.

Moisture Management Tester (MMT): It a multifunctional testing instrument to measure the liquid transport properties of textiles such as knits, wovens, and nonwovens. It can measure the one-way transport capability of textiles and the liquid moisture management properties.

These tests are usually performed in specialized textile testing labs, which have precise equipment and controlled environments to ensure the accuracy of the results. Also, these tests are generally carried out under atmospheric conditions which are defined by specific standards like ISO, ASTM, etc. Remember that different fabrics may be tested using different methods, and the selected method may also depend on the specific requirements of the product that the fabric is being used for.

UV-resistant treated fabrics
With the continuous advancement of textile ecologic research, people are becoming increasingly aware of the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human health. In the solar spectrum, UV radiation accounts for approximately 60%. UV radiation not only causes fading and brittleness of textiles but also stimulates the production of melanin and pigmentation on the skin, and more seriously, it can induce carcinogenesis, necessitating protection. The harmful effects of UV radiation on human health have garnered attention worldwide, with countries like Australia explicitly requiring sun protection features in student clothing. Standards for UV-resistant textiles have also been established in China. The principle of UV protection involves treating fibers or fabrics with UV absorbers and reflectors. UV absorbers absorb high-energy UV radiation and convert it into lower-energy thermal energy or shorter-wavelength electromagnetic waves, thereby eliminating the harmful effects of UV radiation on humans and textiles. UV reflectors increase the reflection and scattering of UV radiation by fabrics, preventing it from penetrating the fabric. These treatments are safe, non-toxic, non-irritating to the skin, and hypoallergenic. They possess efficient UV absorption capabilities across the spectrum, excellent wash resistance, stability to heat, light, and chemicals, and minimal impact on the fabric’s hand feel, breathability, color, whiteness, and strength. The efficacy of UV-resistant treated fabrics is primarily determined by testing the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) value. According to national standards, UV-resistant fabrics generally have a UPF value greater than 40.
Flame-retardant treated fabrics
With the densification of urban populations, the construction of high-rise buildings, the concentration of social wealth, and the modernization of material life, the consumption of various textiles has rapidly increased. Consequently, incidents of fires caused by textiles are also on the rise, resulting in injuries, fatalities, and significant economic losses. Especially, indoor decorative fabrics such as curtains, drapes, wall coverings, carpets, furniture fabrics, and bedding are prone to combustion. Therefore, fire retardancy for industrial, aerospace, and military textiles is urgently needed. According to statistics, the annual sales volume of flame-retardant textiles in China is only about 2 million meters, far from meeting the growing market demand. Currently, flame-retardant textiles in certain fields still rely on imports. Cotton fabrics treated with durable flame retardants exhibit excellent flame-retardant effects, are formaldehyde-free, have a soft feel, and are highly wash-resistant.
“Chameleon” fabrics
“Chameleon” fabric, also known as temperature-sensitive fabric, temperature-indicating fabric, or thermochromic textiles, can rapidly change color with variations in environmental temperature, thereby creating dynamic color effects on colored objects. The main components of “chameleon” fabric include color-changing pigments, fillers, and binders. Its color-changing function primarily depends on the color-changing pigments, which exhibit drastically different colors before and after heating. This characteristic serves as a basis for verifying the authenticity of the fabric.
In conclusion, functional textiles are not just a trend, they’re a revolutionary solution to our everyday needs. From anti-mite to antibacterial, flame retardant to UV-protective, these textiles have moved beyond fashion to become integral in enhancing our health and comfort. As China’s demand for these materials surges, we’re inspired to continue elevating textile technologies, driving the industry’s evolution. The rise of functional textiles is more than just progress – it’s a testament to how we strive for better living standards, ensuring that fashion is not just about style, but also about wellness and practicality. A more comfortable, healthier lifestyle is woven into the very fabric of these remarkable textiles.
The post The Rise of Functional Textiles: An Exploration of Advanced and Specialized Textile Varieties first appeared on Testex.
The post The Rise of Functional Textiles: An Exploration of Advanced and Specialized Textile Varieties appeared first on Testex.

Testex

Alaric Vaughn — Tue, 06 Feb 2024 06:02:28 +0000
The properties of textile fibers refer to the physical, chemical, and structural properties of fiber materials. These attributes influence the processing, weaving, dyeing, finishing, and ultimate performance and applications of fibers. From strength to softness, from moisture absorption to flame resistance, fibers exhibit a diverse range of properties, each playing a crucial role. In this article, we will delve into the seventeen key characteristics of textile fibers, taking you on a journey to explore this fascinating field and adding a touch of vibrancy to your world of fibers!
Abrasion resistance
Abrasion resistance refers to the ability to resist wear and tear from friction during wear, contributing to the durability of fabrics. Garments made from fibers with high tensile strength and good abrasion resistance can withstand prolonged wear, showing signs of wear and tear only after an extended period. Nylon is widely used in sportswear, such as ski jackets and football jerseys, due to its exceptional strength and abrasion resistance. On the other hand, acetate fiber, known for its excellent draping properties and low cost, is often used as lining material in outerwear and jackets.
However, due to the poor abrasion resistance of acetate fiber, the lining may wear out or develop holes before the corresponding abrasion appears on the outer fabric of jackets.

Water absorbency
Water absorbency refers to the ability to absorb moisture, often measured by the regain rate. The water absorbency of fibers refers to the percentage of moisture absorbed by dry fibers under standard conditions of 70°F (equivalent to 21°C) and 65% relative humidity. Hydrophilic fibers, which readily absorb water, include all natural fibers from animals and plants, as well as two types of synthetic fibers: viscose rayon and acetate. Hydrophobic fibers, on the other hand, have difficulty absorbing water or can only absorb minimal amounts. Except for viscose rayon, Lyocell fibers, and acetate, all other synthetic fibers are hydrophobic. Glass fibers, do not absorb water, while other fibers typically have a regain rate of only 4% or lower. The water absorbency of fibers affects various aspects of their applications, including:

Skin comfort: Poor water absorbency can lead to a sensation of cold and dampness due to sweat accumulation.

Static electricity: Hydrophobic fibers can accumulate static electricity, leading to problems such as clothes clinging and sparking. Dust particles are also attracted to the fibers due to static electricity.

Size stability after washing: Hydrophobic fibers tend to shrink less than hydrophilic fibers after washing, as they absorb minimal water and expand less, contributing to fabric shrinkage.

Stain removal: Stains are easier to remove from hydrophilic fibers because they absorb cleaning agents and water more readily.

Water repellency: Hydrophilic fibers often require more durable water-repellent treatments, as these chemical treatments enhance their water repellency.

Wrinkle recovery: Hydrophobic fibers generally have better wrinkle recovery, especially after washing and ironing, as they do not absorb water, expand less, and dry in a wrinkled state.

Auto Water Vapour Permeability Tester TF165B

Chemical Interaction
In textile processing, such as printing, dyeing, and finishing, as well as in household or professional care and cleaning processes involving the use of soaps, bleaching agents, and dry cleaning solvents, fibers typically come into contact with chemicals. The type of chemicals, their strength, and the duration of exposure determine the extent of their impact on fibers. Understanding the effects of chemicals on different fibers is crucial, as it directly relates to the care required during cleaning. Fibers react differently to chemicals. For example, cotton fibers have relatively low resistance to acids but exhibit good resistance to alkalis. Additionally, cotton fabrics may experience some loss of strength after undergoing chemical resin wrinkle-free finishing.
Coverage
Coverage refers to the ability to fill a certain area. Textiles made from coarse fibers or curled fibers provide better coverage compared to fine, straight fibers. These fabrics are warm, have a full hand feel, and require fewer fibers to weave. Wool is widely used in winter clothing due to its excellent coverage provided by its curls, which trap a significant amount of still air within the fabric, insulating it against external cold air. The effectiveness of fiber coverage depends on its cross-sectional shape, longitudinal structure, and weight.
Elasticity
Elasticity refers to the ability to elongate when subjected to tension (stretch) and return to its original state when the external force is removed (recovery). The elongation of fibers or fabrics under external forces can make garments more comfortable to wear, and the resulting seamstress is relatively small. There is also a trend towards increased tensile strength. Complete recovery can help prevent garments from sagging at elbows or knees, thus avoiding relaxed deformation. Fibers that can elongate at least 100% are called elastic fibers. Spandex fibers (also known as Lycra or elastane) and rubber fibers belong to this category. After elongation, these elastic fibers can almost forcefully return to their original length.
Fryma Fabric Extension Tester – TESTEX

Environmental conditions
Environmental conditions have varying effects on fibers, and how fibers and the final fabrics react to exposure, storage, etc., is crucial. Here are some examples:

Wool garments need protection against moth damage during storage, as they are susceptible to moth infestation.

Nylon and silk, when exposed to sunlight for extended periods, experience decreased strength, making them unsuitable for use in curtains and door/window coverings.

Cotton fibers are prone to mold growth, so they should not be stored for long periods in damp environments.

Flammability
Flammability refers to the ability of a material to ignite or burn. This is an important characteristic as people’s lives are often surrounded by various textiles. We know that clothing or indoor furniture, due to their flammability, can cause serious harm to consumers and result in significant material losses. Fibers are generally classified as highly flammable, non-flammable, or flame-retardant:

Highly flammable fibers are easily ignited and continue to burn.

Non-flammable fibers have relatively high ignition points, burn slowly, and self-extinguish after the ignition source is removed.

Flame-retardant fibers do not burn.

Highly flammable fibers can be transformed into flame-retardant fibers through finishing processes or by altering fiber parameters. For example, conventional polyester is highly flammable, but Trevira polyester, after treatment, exhibits flame-retardant properties.
Softness
Softness refers to the property of fibers being able to bend repeatedly without breaking. Soft fibers, such as acetate fibers, can be used to produce fabrics and clothing with good drapes. On the other hand, rigid fibers like glass fibers cannot be used in clothing production but can be utilized in decorative fabrics that require a relatively stiff hand. Generally, the finer the fiber, the better the drape. Softness also influences the hand feel of the fabric. While fabrics with good drapes are often desired, there are occasions when stiffer fabrics are needed. For example, in garments with capes (clothes hanging from the shoulders and flowing outward), stiffer fabrics are used to achieve the desired shape.
Hand feel
Hand feel refers to the sensation felt when touching fibers, yarns, or fabrics. The hand feel of a fiber is influenced by its shape, surface characteristics, and structure. Fibers come in various shapes, such as round, flat, or multi-lobed. They also have different surface textures, such as smooth, serrated, or scaled. Fibers are either curly or straight in shape. Yarn type, fabric structure, and finishing processes also affect the hand feel of the fabric. Terms commonly used to describe fabric hand feel include soft, smooth, dry, silky, stiff, coarse, or rough.

Gloss
Gloss refers to the reflection of light from the surface of fibers. Different characteristics of fibers influence their glossiness. Surfaces with gloss, fewer bends, flat cross-sectional shapes, and longer fiber lengths enhance light reflection. The stretching process during fiber manufacturing increases gloss by smoothing the surface. Adding matting agents disrupts light reflection, reducing gloss. The gloss of fabrics is also influenced by yarn type, weave, and all finishing processes. The requirements for gloss depend on fashion trends and customer needs.
Pilling
Pilling refers to the formation of small, tangled fiber balls on the surface of a fabric. These balls are made up of short, broken fibers that intertwine with each other. Pilling typically occurs when the fiber ends break off from the fabric surface, often caused by wear. Pilling is undesirable as it makes fabrics, such as bed sheets, look old and unsightly, and can feel uncomfortable. Pilling occurs in areas of frequent friction, such as collars, underarms, and sleeve cuffs. Hydrophobic fibers are more prone to pilling than hydrophilic fibers because hydrophobic fibers are more likely to attract static electricity and are less likely to shed from the fabric surface. Pilling is rarely seen on 100% pure cotton shirts, but it is very common on polyester-cotton blend shirts worn for some time. While wool has hydrophilic properties, pilling occurs due to its scaly surface. Fibers twist and tangle with each other, forming a pill. Strong fibers are more likely to grip onto fabric surface pills. Low-strength fibers that are prone to breakage are less likely to pill due to the easy shedding of pills.
Smartindale Martindale Abrasion Pilling Tester

Resilience
Resilience refers to the ability of a material to elastically recover its shape after being folded, twisted, or distorted. It is closely related to wrinkle recovery ability. Fabrics with good resilience are less prone to wrinkling, thus maintaining their appearance well. Coarser fibers have better resilience because they have greater mass to absorb strain. Additionally, the shape of the fiber also influences its resilience, with round fibers having better resilience than flat fibers. The nature of the fiber is also a factor. Polyester fibers have outstanding resilience, while cotton fibers have poor resilience. Therefore, these two fibers are often blended in products such as men’s shirts, loose-fitting tops, and bed sheets, which is not surprising. However, fibers with good resilience can be a bit problematic when forming distinct wrinkles on clothing. It is easy to form creases on cotton fabrics or coarse synthetic fabrics, but not so much on dry wool fabrics. Wool fibers are resistant to bending and wrinkling, and they can straighten out again afterward.
Relative density
Relative density refers to the ratio of the mass of fibers to the mass of an equal volume of water at 4°C. Light fibers can create fabrics that are warm yet not bulky, resulting in thick, fluffy fabrics that still remain a relatively lightweight. Acrylic fiber is the best example, as it is much lighter than wool but possesses similar properties, making it widely used in lightweight and warm blankets, scarves, thick socks, and other winter items.
Static electricity
Static electricity is the result of friction between two different materials, leading to the generation of electric charges. When these charges accumulate on the surface of fabrics, clothing may cling to the wearer’s body or lint may adhere to the fabric. Contact between the fabric surface and another object can result in static sparks or shocks, which is a rapid discharge process. Static electricity phenomenon can be eliminated when the charge is transferred at the same speed as it is generated on the fiber surface. Moisture contained within the fibers acts as a conductor to dissipate charges and prevent the aforementioned static electricity effects. Hydrophobic fibers, on the other hand, tend to generate static electricity due to their low moisture content. Static electricity can also occur in natural fibers, but only when the environment is very dry, similar to hydrophobic fibers. Glass fibers are an exception among hydrophobic fibers because static charges cannot accumulate on their surfaces due to their chemical composition. Fabrics containing electrobic fibers (fibers capable of conducting electricity) do not suffer from static electricity issues, as the carbon or metal content allows the fibers to transfer accumulated static charges. Due to common static electricity problems on carpets, materials like Monsanto Ultron nylon, which contains electrobic fibers, are used. Electrobic fibers eliminate shocks, fabric clinging, and dust adhesion. Using low-static fibers in environments where static electricity poses a risk, such as hospitals, near computers, or areas with flammable or explosive liquids or gases, is crucial for safety.
Strength
Strength refers to the ability of a fiber to resist stress. Fiber strength refers to the ability of a fiber to resist breaking under tension or stress. It is a crucial characteristic as it determines the durability and performance of textiles made from the fiber. Fiber strength is typically measured in units such as grams per denier (g/d) or Newtons per tex (N/tex), indicating the force required to break a single fiber of a certain length and thickness. Higher fiber strength indicates greater resistance to breaking and stretching, making the material more suitable for various applications, including apparel, industrial textiles, and composite materials.
SmartPull Tensile Tester

Thermal plasticity
Thermal plasticity refers to a fiber’s ability to withstand heat, which is a crucial factor affecting its application performance. Typically, this is an important consideration in fiber processing, as fibers often undergo heating during various textile processes such as dyeing, ironing, and heat setting. Additionally, heat is frequently used for caring and refreshing garments and indoor furnishings. Some thermal effects are temporary and reversible, occurring only during the application of heat. For instance, in dyeing, fiber properties may temporarily change during heat application but return to normal upon cooling. However, some thermal effects can be permanent, as heat can cause molecular rearrangement leading to fiber degradation. In contrast, heat setting alters molecular arrangement to make the fabric more stable (with minimal shrinkage) and wrinkle-resistant, without significant degradation. However, prolonged exposure to high temperatures can lead to degradation, including reduced strength, fiber shrinkage, and discoloration. Many consumers have experienced severe degradation or even damage to their clothing from excessive ironing at high temperatures. During heating, thermoplastic fibers soften and can melt into a liquid state at higher temperatures. Many synthetic fibers exhibit thermoplasticity. By heating fabrics containing thermoplastic fibers, creases and folds can be formed without melting the fibers. These creases and folds become permanent once the temperature decreases. When heated (softened), thermoplastic fibers can be molded, and once cooled, the molded shape is retained (care must be taken when ironing garments made of synthetic fibers to avoid softening or melting, which can cause the fabric to stick to the iron). This method can also be used to shape garments, providing excellent dimensional stability for thermoplastic fabrics.
Core absorption
Core absorption refers to the ability of fibers to transfer moisture from one place to another. Typically, moisture travels along the surface of fibers, but it can also pass through fibers when liquids are absorbed. The tendency for core absorption often depends on the chemical and physical composition of the outer surface of the fiber. A smooth surface reduces core absorption. Certain fibers, such as cotton, are hydrophilic fibers and have good core absorption. Other fibers, such as olefins, are hydrophobic fibers, but they can exhibit good core absorption when they have a very low denier (i.e., very fine fibers). This property is particularly important for garments like workout clothes and running gear. Sweat expelled by the body is transferred along the surface of the fibers through core absorption to the outer surface of the garment, where it evaporates into the air, providing better comfort. In conclusion, the properties of textile fibers shape their performance and applications significantly. From abrasion resistance to thermal plasticity, each characteristic plays a crucial role. By understanding these traits, we can make informed choices in textile selection. Fibers enrich our lives in diverse ways, from crafting durable gear to luxurious apparel. Let’s celebrate the vibrancy they add to our world!
The post Exploring the Seventeen Core Properties of Textile Fibers first appeared on Testex.
The post Exploring the Seventeen Core Properties of Textile Fibers appeared first on Testex.

Testex

Alaric Vaughn — Fri, 02 Feb 2024 08:34:33 +0000

Introduction
In the vast landscape of textile manufacturing, where quality reigns supreme, ensuring the integrity and durability of fabrics is an indispensable aspect. Among the arsenal of tests designed to assess the strength and resilience of textiles, bursting strength testing stands as a stalwart guardian, providing insights into a fabric’s ability to withstand pressure and stress. In this comprehensive exploration, we delve deep into the significance of textile bursting strength testing, its myriad applications across diverse industries, the technological advancements driving its evolution, and the challenges that accompany its implementation.

Importance of Textile Bursting Strength Testing

Ensuring Quality and Durability
At the heart of fabric bursting strength testing lies the pursuit of excellence in textile manufacturing. By subjecting fabrics to controlled pressure until they rupture, manufacturers gain invaluable insights into their structural integrity, ensuring that only the highest quality materials make their way into finished products. Whether it’s garments destined for the fashion runway or industrial fabrics engineered for rugged environments, bursting strength testing serves as a litmus test for durability and reliability.
Compliance with Industry Standards and Regulations
Across various sectors, from apparel to automotive to medical textiles, adherence to stringent quality standards is non-negotiable. Bursting strength testing plays a pivotal role in this realm, serving as a benchmark for compliance with industry regulations and safety standards. By certifying that fabrics meet or exceed specified bursting strength requirements, manufacturers instill confidence in their products and safeguard consumer well-being.
Understanding Textile Bursting Strength Testing

Principles and Methods
At its core, bursting strength testing involves the application of hydraulic or pneumatic pressure to a fabric sample until it ruptures. The force required to achieve this rupture serves as a measure of the fabric’s bursting strength. Various testing methods exist, including the diaphragm method, ball burst method, and hydraulic method, each tailored to suit specific applications and material properties. Tje detailed bursting strength tester specifications can be shown on this page.
Factors Affecting Bursting Strength
The bursting strength of a fabric is influenced by a multitude of factors, ranging from yarn type and fabric construction to finishing treatments and environmental conditions. Understanding these factors is essential for interpreting test results accurately and optimizing fabric performance.

Applications of Textile Bursting Strength Testing

Apparel Industry: In the fast-paced world of fashion, where trends come and go, durability is a timeless attribute. Garments subjected to bursting strength testing are better equipped to withstand the rigors of everyday wear and tear, ensuring longevity and customer satisfaction. From denim jeans to activewear to intimate apparel, bursting strength testing plays a vital role in delivering garments that stand the test of time.

Automotive Sector: Within the automotive industry, where safety and reliability are paramount, textiles play a multifaceted role in interior components, upholstery, and airbag systems. Bursting strength testing of automotive textiles ensures compliance with safety standards, enabling manufacturers to produce vehicles that offer both comfort and protection to passengers.

Medical Textiles: In the realm of healthcare, where sterility and patient safety are of utmost importance, medical textiles undergo rigorous testing to ensure their efficacy and integrity. Bursting strength testing of surgical gowns, drapes, and wound dressings ensures that these critical materials can withstand the stresses of sterilization and use, providing reassurance to healthcare professionals and patients alike.

Advancements in Textile Bursting Strength Testing Technology

Automated Testing Systems: With the advent of automation, bursting strength testing has undergone a revolution, with modern testing equipment offering streamlined processes and enhanced efficiency. Automated systems not only expedite testing procedures but also minimize human error, ensuring reliable and reproducible results.

Digital Imaging Analysis: In recent years, digital imaging techniques have emerged as powerful tools for analyzing fabric deformation during bursting strength tests. By capturing high-resolution images of the fabric surface before, during, and after testing, digital imaging analysis provides invaluable insights into material behavior, enabling manufacturers to fine-tune their processes and enhance product performance.

Challenges and Limitations

Variability in Test Results: Despite advancements in testing technology, variability in bursting strength results remains a persistent challenge. Factors such as sample preparation, testing conditions, and operator technique can all influence test outcomes, necessitating robust quality control measures to ensure consistency and reliability.

Compatibility with Different Textile Materials: While bursting strength testing is widely employed across various industries, its applicability to different types of textiles can vary. Certain materials, such as knitted fabrics or nonwovens, may exhibit unique behavior that requires specialized testing methods or adaptations.

Best Practices for Textile Bursting Strength Testing

Calibration and Maintenance: Regular calibration and maintenance of testing equipment are essential to ensure accurate and reliable results. By calibrating instruments against certified standards and conducting routine maintenance checks, manufacturers can uphold the integrity of their testing processes and minimize measurement errors.

Standardization of Testing Procedures: Standardization plays a crucial role in ensuring consistency and comparability in bursting strength testing. By adhering to internationally recognized testing standards and protocols, manufacturers can facilitate cross-industry collaboration and benchmarking, driving continuous improvement and innovation.

Future Trends and Innovations

Integration of AI and Machine Learning: As the textile industry embraces digitalization, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning holds immense promise for enhancing bursting strength testing processes. By leveraging AI algorithms to analyze test data and predict material performance, manufacturers can optimize product development, reduce time-to-market, and unlock new opportunities for innovation.

Development of Portable Testing Devices: In an increasingly mobile world, the demand for portable and handheld testing devices is on the rise. Engineers and researchers are exploring the feasibility of miniaturizedand digitalbursting strength testers that offer on-the-go testing capabilities, enabling quality control checks to be performed directly on the production floor or in the field.

Common Questions about Textile Bursting Strength Testing

What is bursting strength testing?
Bursting strength testing is a standardized method used to measure the ability of a textile material to withstand pressure or force before it ruptures or bursts. This test evaluates the strength and integrity of fabrics by subjecting them to increasing hydraulic or pneumatic pressure until they rupture. The bursting strength is typically measured in units of pressure, such as pounds per square inch (psi) or kilopascals (kPa). During the test, a circular or diaphragm-shaped fabric sample is clamped securely over an opening in a test fixture. Pressure is then applied gradually to the underside of the fabric sample using a hydraulic or pneumatic system. As pressure increases, the fabric stretches until it reaches its breaking point, at which it ruptures. The maximum pressure at which the rupture occurs is recorded as the bursting strength of the fabric. Bursting strength testing is essential for evaluating the quality, durability, and performance of textiles across various industries, including apparel, automotive, medical, and industrial applications. It helps manufacturers ensure that their products meet or exceed specified bursting strength requirements, providing assurance of quality and reliability to consumers.

Why is bursting strength important for textiles?
Bursting strength is a critical parameter for textiles due to several reasons:

Durability: Textiles often undergo various stresses during their lifecycle, including stretching, pulling, and pressure. Fabrics with higher bursting strength are more durable and can withstand these stresses without tearing or rupturing, ensuring longevity and performance.

Quality Assurance: Bursting strength testing serves as a quality control measure for textile manufacturers. By assessing the fabric’s ability to withstand pressure, manufacturers can identify any weaknesses or defects in the material and take corrective actions to maintain consistent quality standards.

Safety: In industries such as automotive and medical textiles, where safety is paramount, fabrics must meet stringent bursting strength requirements to ensure they can withstand the demands of their intended applications. Textiles with inadequate bursting strength may fail under pressure, posing risks to users’ safety.

Product Performance: Bursting strength is directly related to the performance of textile products. For example, garments with higher bursting strength are less likely to tear or rip during wear, while industrial fabrics with high bursting strength can withstand harsh conditions without failing.

Compliance with Standards: Many industries have specific standards and regulations governing the bursting strength of textiles. Compliance with these standards is essential for product certification and regulatory approval, enabling manufacturers to market their products with confidence.

In summary, bursting strength is important for textiles because it directly correlates with durability, quality, safety, performance, and regulatory compliance. By ensuring that fabrics meet or exceed specified bursting strength requirements, manufacturers can deliver products that meet consumer expectations and industry standards.
How is bursting strength measured?

Bursting strength is measured using a standardized testing procedure that involves subjecting a fabric sample to increasing pressure until it ruptures. The most common method for measuring bursting strength is the diaphragm method, which follows these steps:

Sample Preparation: A circular or diaphragm-shaped fabric sample is cut to a specified size, typically using a template or cutting die. The sample should be representative of the material being tested and free from any defects or irregularities.

Test Fixture Setup: The fabric sample is securely clamped over an opening in a test fixture, ensuring that it forms a tight seal around the edges. The test fixture is connected to a hydraulic or pneumatic system capable of applying controlled pressure to the underside of the fabric sample.

Pressure Application: Pressure is gradually applied to the underside of the fabric sample using the hydraulic or pneumatic system. The pressure is increased at a constant rate until the fabric ruptures or bursts. During this process, the pressure and any corresponding changes in the fabric’s dimensions are monitored and recorded.

Rupture Detection: The moment the fabric ruptures, the pressure at which it occurs is recorded as the bursting strength of the material. This value is typically expressed in units of pressure, such as pounds per square inch (psi) or kilopascals (kPa).

Data Analysis: After testing, the recorded bursting strength value is analyzed to assess the fabric’s performance and suitability for its intended application. Any deviations from specified bursting strength requirements may indicate potential quality issues or areas for improvement in the manufacturing process.

Overall, bursting strength measurement involves subjecting a fabric sample to controlled pressure until it reaches its breaking point, providing valuable insights into the material’s strength and integrity. This standardized testing procedure helps ensure consistent quality and performance across various textile products and applications.

What factors affect bursting strength results?
Several factors can influence bursting strength test results, impacting the accuracy and reliability of the measurements. These factors include:

Fabric Construction: The way the fabric is constructed, including factors such as weave pattern, knit structure, and thread count, can significantly affect its bursting strength. Fabrics with tighter weaves or knit structures tend to have higher bursting strength compared to looser constructions.

Fiber Type and Quality: The type of fibers used in the fabric composition, as well as their quality and characteristics, can influence bursting strength. Natural fibers like cotton and silk may exhibit different bursting strength properties compared to synthetic fibers such as polyester or nylon.

Fabric Thickness and Weight: Thicker and heavier fabrics generally have higher bursting strength due to their increased resistance to pressure. Thinner or lighter fabrics may have lower bursting strength and may be more prone to rupturing under pressure.

Finishing Treatments: Chemical treatments applied to fabrics, such as dyeing, coating, or finishing agents, can alter their bursting strength. Some treatments may enhance or degrade the fabric’s strength, depending on the specific chemicals and processes involved.

Sample Preparation: The method used to prepare fabric samples for testing can affect bursting strength results. Factors such as sample size, cutting technique, and edge sealing can introduce variability in test outcomes if not standardized properly.

Testing Conditions: Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and testing speed can influence bursting strength measurements. Variations in testing conditions across different laboratories or testing equipment may lead to inconsistencies in results.

Operator Technique: The skill and experience of the operator conducting the bursting strength test can impact the accuracy and repeatability of measurements. Proper training and adherence to standardized testing procedures are essential to minimize operator-induced variability.

Instrument Calibration: The calibration of testing equipment, including pressure gauges and hydraulic systems, is critical for ensuring accurate and reliable bursting strength measurements. Inaccurate calibration can lead to erroneous results and undermine the validity of the testing process.

By understanding and controlling these factors, textile manufacturers can optimize their bursting strength testing procedures to obtain consistent and reliable results, enabling them to assess and improve the quality and performance of their products effectively.

What are some common standards for bursting strength testing?
Several common standards and methods are used for bursting strength testing in the textile industry. These standards provide guidelines and procedures for conducting the test and interpreting the results consistently. Some of the most widely recognized bursting strength testing standards include:

ASTM D3786 – Standard Test Method for Bursting Strength of Textile Fabrics**: This ASTM International standard specifies the procedure for determining the bursting strength of woven or knitted fabrics using a hydraulic bursting tester.

ISO 13938 – Textiles – Bursting Strength of Fabrics: Issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), this standard outlines the method for determining the bursting strength of fabrics using hydraulic or pneumatic bursting strength testers.

BS EN ISO 13938 – Textiles – Bursting Strength of Fabrics**: This European standard is based on the ISO 13938 method and provides guidelines for measuring the bursting strength of fabrics in accordance with European norms.

ASTM D3787 – Standard Test Method for Bursting Strength of Textiles – Diaphragm Bursting Strength Tester Method: Another ASTM International standard, ASTM D3787, describes a specific method for determining the bursting strength of textiles using a diaphragm bursting strength tester.

ISO 3303 – Rubber or Plastics – Determination of the Resistance to Bursting (Ball Burst Test): While primarily intended for rubber or plastic materials, this ISO standard outlines a method for determining bursting strength using a ball burst test apparatus.

ASTM F2054 – Standard Test Method for Burst Testing of Surgical Gowns, and Surgical Drapes and Drapery Material: Specifically tailored for medical textiles, ASTM F2054 provides guidelines for testing the bursting strength of surgical gowns, drapes, and drapery materials used in healthcare settings.

These standards establish uniform testing procedures, equipment requirements, and result calculation methods, ensuring consistency and comparability of bursting strength measurements across different laboratories and manufacturers. Adherence to these standards enables textile producers to assess the quality and performance of their products accurately and reliably, facilitating compliance with industry regulations and customer requirements. As we navigate the intricate landscape of textile bursting strength testing, one thing remains abundantly clear: its impact reverberates across industries, shaping the quality, safety, and performance of countless products. By embracing innovation, standardization, and best practices, manufacturers can harness the full potential of bursting strength testing to deliver fabrics that not only withstand the test of time but also elevate the standards of excellence in the textile industry.
The post Unraveling the Strength: Exploring the Power of Textile Bursting Strength Testing first appeared on Testex.
The post Unraveling the Strength: Exploring the Power of Textile Bursting Strength Testing appeared first on Testex.